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<title>Asian Development Bank</title>

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Asian Development Bank

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Asian Development Bank</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><div class="infobox-caption">Headquarters in 2011</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><div class="infobox-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">

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</style><div class="legend">  Nonregional members</div> <div class="legend">  Regional members</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">ADB</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">19 December 1966 (1966-12-19)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Multilateral_development_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilateral development bank">Multilateral development bank</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data">Treaty</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Social and Economic Development</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">6 ADB Avenue, <a href="Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a>, <a href="Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> 1550, <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data">69

countries</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Masato_Kanda" title="Masato Kanda">Masato Kanda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main organ</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Board of Governors<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (International)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">3,769<a href="#cite_note-nos-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adb.org">adb.org</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a <a href="Multilateral_development_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilateral development bank">regional development bank</a> to promote social and <a href="Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> in Asia. The bank is headquartered in <a href="Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, Philippines, and maintains 31 field offices around the world.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-UIA-4">[4]</a>

The bank was established on 19 December 1966 and admits the members of the <a href="United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Asia_and_the_Pacific" title="United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific">UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific</a> (UNESCAP, formerly the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East or ECAFE), and non-regional <a href="Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ming_Wan-6">[6]</a> Starting with 31 members at its establishment, by 2019 ADB had 69 members.

The ADB was modeled closely on the <a href="World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and has a similar weighted voting system, where votes are distributed in proportion with members' capital subscriptions. ADB releases an annual report that summarizes its operations, budget, and other materials for review by the public.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP) enrolls about 300 students annually in academic institutions located in 10 countries within the Region. After completing their study programs, scholars are expected to contribute to the economic and social development of their home countries.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> ADB holds the status of an official United Nations Observer.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

As of 31 December 2020, Japan and the United States each holds the largest proportion of shares at 15.571%. China holds 6.429%, India holds 6.317%, and Australia holds 5.773%.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2></div>

The highest policy-making body of the bank is the Board of Governors, composed of one representative from each member state. The Board of Governors, in turn, elect among themselves the twelve members of the board of directors and their deputies. Eight of the twelve members come from regional (Asia-Pacific) members while the others come from non-regional members.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

The Board of Governors also elect the bank's president, who is the chairperson of the board of directors and manages ADB. The president has a term of office lasting five years, and may be re-elected. Traditionally, and because Japan is one of the largest shareholders of the bank, the president has always been Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

The current president is <a href="Masato_Kanda" title="Masato Kanda">Masato Kanda</a>. He succeeded <a href="Masatsugu_Asakawa" title="Masatsugu Asakawa">Masatsugu Asakawa</a> who in 2024, announced his resignation effective on 23 February 2025.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Prior to that, Asakawa succeeded <a href="Takehiko_Nakao" title="Takehiko Nakao">Takehiko Nakao</a> on 17 January 2020,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> who succeeded <a href="Haruhiko_Kuroda" title="Haruhiko Kuroda">Haruhiko Kuroda</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

The headquarters of the bank is at 6 ADB Avenue, <a href="Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a>, <a href="Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and it has 42 field offices in Asia and the Pacific and representative offices in <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>, Frankfurt, Tokyo and <a href="Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. The bank employs about 3,000 people, representing 60 of its 68 members.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_presidents">List of presidents</h3></div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:81px;max-width:81px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Takeshi_Watanabe_(civil_servant)" title="Takeshi Watanabe (civil servant)">Takeshi Watanabe</a>, the first president</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Haruhiko_Kuroda" title="Haruhiko Kuroda">Haruhiko Kuroda</a>, the eighth president</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Masatsugu_Asakawa" title="Masatsugu Asakawa">Masatsugu Asakawa</a>, the tenth president</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Masato_Kanda" title="Masato Kanda">Masato Kanda</a>, the eleventh president</div></div></div></div></div>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Dates

</th>

<th>Nationality

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Takeshi_Watanabe_(bureaucrat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Takeshi Watanabe (bureaucrat)">Takeshi Watanabe</a>

</td>

<td>1966–1972

</td>

<td> <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Shiro Inoue

</td>

<td>1972–1976

</td>

<td> <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Taroichi Yoshida

</td>

<td>1976–1981

</td>

<td> <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Masao Fujioka

</td>

<td>1981–1989

</td>

<td> <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kimimasa Tarumizu

</td>

<td>1989–1993

</td>

<td> <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Mitsuo_Sato" title="Mitsuo Sato">Mitsuo Sato</a>

</td>

<td>1993–1999

</td>

<td> <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tadao_Chino" title="Tadao Chino">Tadao Chino</a>

</td>

<td>1999–2005

</td>

<td> <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Haruhiko_Kuroda" title="Haruhiko Kuroda">Haruhiko Kuroda</a>

</td>

<td>2005–2013

</td>

<td> <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Takehiko_Nakao" title="Takehiko Nakao">Takehiko Nakao</a>

</td>

<td>2013–2020

</td>

<td> <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Masatsugu_Asakawa" title="Masatsugu Asakawa">Masatsugu Asakawa</a>

</td>

<td>2020–February 23, 2025

</td>

<td> <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Masato_Kanda" title="Masato Kanda">Masato Kanda</a>

</td>

<td>February 24, 2025–

</td>

<td> <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

As early as 1956, Japan Finance Minister <a href="Hisato_Ichimada" title="Hisato Ichimada">Hisato Ichimada</a> had suggested to <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> that development projects in Southeast Asia could be supported by a new financial institution for the region. A year later, Japanese Prime Minister <a href="Nobusuke_Kishi" title="Nobusuke Kishi">Nobusuke Kishi</a> announced that Japan intended to sponsor the establishment of a regional development fund with resources largely from Japan and other industrial countries. But the US did not warm to the plan and the concept was shelved. See full account in "Banking the Future of Asia and the Pacific: 50 Years of the Asian Development Bank", July 2017.

The idea came up again late in 1962 when Kaoru Ohashi, an economist from a research institute in Tokyo, visited <a href="Takeshi_Watanabe_(bureaucrat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Takeshi Watanabe (bureaucrat)">Takeshi Watanabe</a>, then a private financial consultant in Tokyo, and proposed a study group to form a development bank for the Asian region. The group met regularly in 1963, examining various scenarios for setting up a new institution and drew on Watanabe's experiences with the <a href="World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. However, the idea received a cool reception from the World Bank itself and the study group became discouraged.

In parallel, the concept was formally proposed at a trade conference organized by the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) in 1963 by a young Thai economist, Paul Sithi-Amnuai. (ESCAP, United Nations Publication March 2007, "The first parliament of Asia" pp. 65). Despite an initial mixed reaction, support for the establishment of a new bank soon grew.

An expert group was convened to study the idea, with Japan invited to contribute to the group. When Watanabe was recommended, the two streams proposing a new bank—from ECAFE and Japan—came together. Initially, the US was on the fence, not opposing the idea but not ready to commit financial support. But a new bank for Asia was soon seen to fit in with a broader program of assistance to Asia planned by United States President <a href="Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> in the wake of the escalating U.S. military support for the government of <a href="South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>.

As a key player in the concept, Japan hoped that the ADB offices would be in Tokyo. However, eight other cities had also expressed an interest: <a href="Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, <a href="Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, Kuala Lumpur, <a href="Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, Singapore, and <a href="Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>. To decide, the 18 prospective regional members of the new bank held three rounds of votes at a ministerial conference in Manila in November/December 1965. In the first round on 30 November, Tokyo failed to win a majority, so a second ballot was held the next day at noon. Although Japan was in the lead, it was still inconclusive, so a final vote was held after lunch. In the third poll, Tokyo gained eight votes to Manila's nine, with one abstention. Therefore, Manila was declared the host of the new development bank; the Japanese were mystified and deeply disappointed. Watanabe later wrote in his personal history of ADB: "I felt as if the child I had so carefully reared had been taken away to a distant country." (Asian Development Bank publication, "Towards a New Asia", 1977, p. 16)

On 3 December 1965, Philippine President <a href="Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> lays the foundation stone of the Asian Development Bank.

As intensive work took place during 1966 to prepare for the opening of the new bank in Manila, high on the agenda was choice of president. Japanese Prime Minister <a href="Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a> asked Watanabe to be a candidate. Although he initially declined, pressure came from other countries and Watanabe agreed. In the absence of any other candidates, Watanabe was elected first President of the Asian Development Bank at its Inaugural Meeting on 24 November 1966.

By the end of 1972, Japan had contributed $173.7 million (22.6% of the total) to the ordinary capital resources and $122.6 million (59.6% of the total) to the special funds. In contrast, the United States contributed only $1.25 million to the special fund.<a href="#cite_note-Ming_Wan-6">[6]</a>

After its creation in the 1960s, ADB focused much of its assistance on food production and rural development. At the time, Asia was one of the poorest regions in the world.<a href="#cite_note-admin-20">[20]</a>

Early loans went largely to <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> and the <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>; these countries accounted for 78.48% of the total ADB loans between 1967 and 1972. Moreover, Japan received tangible benefits, 41.67% of the total procurements between 1967 and 1976. Japan tied its special funds contributions to its preferred sectors and regions and procurements of its goods and services, as reflected in its $100 million donation for the Agricultural Special Fund in April 1968.<a href="#cite_note-Ming_Wan-6">[6]</a>

Watanabe served as the first ADB president to 1972.<a href="#cite_note-KapurLewis-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Magill2014-22">[22]</a>

In the 1970s, ADB's assistance to developing countries in Asia expanded into education and health, and then to infrastructure and industry. The gradual emergence of Asian economies in the latter part of the decade spurred demand for better infrastructure to support economic growth. ADB focused on improving roads and providing electricity. When the world suffered its first <a href="Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">oil price</a> shock, ADB shifted more of its assistance to support energy projects, especially those promoting the development of domestic energy sources in member countries.<a href="#cite_note-admin-20">[20]</a>

Following considerable pressure from the Reagan Administration in the 1980s, ADB reluctantly began working with the private sector in an attempt to increase the impact of its development assistance to poor countries in Asia and the Pacific. In the wake of the second oil crisis, ADB expanded its assistance to energy projects. In 1982, ADB opened its first field office, in <a href="Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, and later in the decade, it expanded its work with non-government organizations (NGOs).<a href="#cite_note-admin-20">[20]</a>

Japanese presidents Inoue Shiro (1972–76) and Yoshida Taroichi (1976–81) took the spotlight in the 1970s. Fujioka Masao, the fourth president (1981–90), adopted an assertive leadership style, launching an ambitious plan to expand the ADB into a high-impact development agency.

On 18 November 1972, the Bank inaugurated its headquarters along <a href="Roxas_Boulevard" title="Roxas Boulevard">Roxas Boulevard</a> in <a href="Pasay_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasay City">Pasay City</a>, Philippines. On 31 May 1991, ADB moved its offices to <a href="Ortigas_Center" title="Ortigas Center">Ortigas Center</a> in <a href="Pasig_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasig City">Pasig City</a>, with the <a href="Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Philippines)" title="Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)">Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)</a> taking over its old Pasay premises.

In the 1990s, ADB began promoting regional cooperation by helping the countries on the Mekong River to trade and work together. The decade also saw an expansion of ADB's membership with the addition of several Central Asian countries following the end of the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-admin-20">[20]</a>

In mid-1997, ADB responded to the financial crisis that hit the region with projects designed to strengthen financial sectors and create social safety nets for the poor. During the crisis, ADB approved its largest single loan – a $4 billion emergency loan to South Korea. In 1999, ADB adopted poverty reduction as its overarching goal.<a href="#cite_note-admin-20">[20]</a>

The early 2000s saw a dramatic expansion of private sector finance. While the institution had such operations since the 1980s (under pressure from the Reagan Administration) the early attempts were highly unsuccessful with low lending volumes, considerable losses and financial scandals associated with an entity named AFIC. However, beginning in 2002, the ADB undertook a dramatic expansion of private sector lending under a new team. Over the course of the next six years, the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) grew by a factor of 41 times the 2001 levels of new financings and earnings for the ADB. This culminated with the Board's formal recognition of these achievements in March 2008, when the board of directors formally adopted the Long Term strategic Framework (LTSF). That document formally stated that assistance to private sector development was the lead priority of the ADB and that it should constitute 50% of the bank's lending by 2020.

In 2003, the <a href="Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">severe acute respiratory syndrome</a> (SARS) epidemic hit the region and ADB responded with programs to help the countries in the region work together to address infectious diseases, including <a href="Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">avian influenza</a> and HIV/AIDS. ADB also responded to a multitude of natural disasters in the region, committing more than $850 million for recovery in areas of India, Indonesia, <a href="Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, and Sri Lanka which were impacted by the <a href="2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami</a>. In addition, $1 billion in loans and grants was provided to the victims of the October 2005 earthquake in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-admin-20">[20]</a>

In December 2005, China donated $20 million to the ADB for a regional poverty alleviation fund; China's first such fund set up at an international institution.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

In 2009, ADB's Board of Governors agreed to triple ADB's capital base from $55 billion to $165 billion, giving it much-needed resources to respond to the <a href="2008_financial_crisis" title="2008 financial crisis">2008 financial crisis</a>. The 200% increase is the largest in ADB's history, and was the first since 1994.<a href="#cite_note-admin-20">[20]</a>

Asia moved beyond the economic crisis and by 2010 had emerged as a new engine of global economic growth though it remained home to two-thirds of the world's poor. In addition, the increasing prosperity of many people in the region created a widening <a href="Income_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Income gap">income gap</a> that left many people behind. ADB responded to this with loans and grants that encouraged economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-admin-20">[20]</a>

In early 2012, the ADB began to re-engage with <a href="Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> in response to reforms initiated by the government. In April 2014, ADB opened an office in <a href="Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and resumed making loans and grants to the country.<a href="#cite_note-admin-20">[20]</a>

In 2017, ADB combined the lending operations of its Asian Development Fund (ADF) with its ordinary capital resources (OCR). The result was to expand the OCR balance sheet to permit increasing annual lending and grants to $20 billion by 2020 – 50% more than the previous level.<a href="#cite_note-admin-20">[20]</a>

In 2020, ADB gave a $2 million grant from the Asia Pacific Disaster Response Fund, to support the Armenian government in the fight against the spread of <a href="COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. In the same year, the ADB committed a $20 million loan to Electric Networks of Armenia, that will ensure electricity for the citizens during the pandemic, as well as approved $500,000 in regional technical assistance to procure personal protective equipment and other medical supplies.<a href="#cite_note-ASIAN_DEVELOPMENT_BANK_MEMBER_FACT_SHEET-24">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objectives_and_activities">Objectives and activities</h2></div>

The ADB defines itself as a <a href="Social_change" title="Social change">social development</a> organization that is dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific through inclusive economic growth, environmentally <a href="Sustainable_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable growth">sustainable growth</a>, and <a href="Regional_integration" title="Regional integration">regional integration</a>. This is carried out through investments – in the form of loans, grants and information sharing – in infrastructure, health care services, financial and public administration systems, helping countries prepare for the impact of <a href="Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> or better <a href="Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">manage their natural resources</a>, as well as other areas.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focus_areas">Focus areas</h3></div>

Eighty percent of ADB's lending is concentrated public sector lending in five operational areas.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

<ul><li>Education – Most developing countries in Asia and the Pacific have earned high marks for a dramatic rise in primary education enrollment rates in the last three decades, but daunting challenges remain, threatening economic and social growth.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li>

<li>Environment, Climate Change, and Disaster Risk Management – <a href="Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">Environmental sustainability</a> is a prerequisite for economic growth and poverty reduction in Asia and the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li>

<li>Finance Sector Development – The financial system is the lifeline of a country's economy. It creates prosperity that can be shared throughout society and benefit the poorest and most vulnerable people. Financial sector and capital market development, including microfinance, small and medium-sized enterprises, and regulatory reforms, is vital to decreasing poverty in Asia and the Pacific. This has been a key priority of the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) since 2002. One of the most active sub-sectors of finance is the PSOD's support for trade finance. Each year the PSOD finances billions of dollars in letters of credit across all of Asia and the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li>

<li>Infrastructure, including transport<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and communications,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> energy,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> water supply and sanitation,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and urban development.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li>

<li>Regional Cooperation and Integration – Regional cooperation and integration (RCI) was introduced by President Kuroda when he joined the ADB in 2004. It was seen as a long-standing priority of the Japanese government as a process by which national economies become more regionally connected. It plays a critical role in accelerating economic growth, reducing poverty and economic disparity, raising productivity and employment, and strengthening institutions.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li>

<li>Private Sector Lending – This priority was introduced into the ADB's activities at the insistence of the Reagan Administration. However, that effort was never a true priority until the administration of President Tadeo Chino who in turn brought in a seasoned American banker – Robert Bestani. From then on, the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) grew at a very rapid pace, growing from the smallest financing unit of the ADB to the largest in terms of financing volume. As noted earlier, this culminated in the Long Term strategic Framework (LTSF) which was adopted by the Board in March 2008.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financings">Financings</h2></div>

The ADB offers "hard" loans on commercial terms primarily to middle income countries in Asia and "<a href="Soft_loan" title="Soft loan">soft" loans</a> with lower interest rates to poorer countries in the region. Based on a new policy, both types of loans will be sourced starting January 2017 from the bank's ordinary capital resources (OCR), which functions as its general operational fund.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

The ADB's Private Sector Department (PSOD) can and does offer a broader range of financings beyond commercial loans. They also have the capability to provide guarantees, equity and mezzanine finance (a combination of debt and equity).

In 2017, ADB lent $19.1 billion of which $3.2 billion went to private enterprises, as part of its "non-sovereign" operations. ADB's operations in 2017, including grants and co-financing, totaled $28.9 billion.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

ADB obtains its funding by issuing bonds on the world's capital markets. Moody's Investors Service assigned a credit rating of AAA to its senior unsecured debt as of April 2025.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> It also relies on the contributions of member countries, retained earnings from lending operations, and the repayment of loans.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>

<caption>Five largest borrowing countries<a href="#cite_note-AFS2016-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FR2017-40">[40]</a>

</caption>

<th rowspan="2">Country</th>

<th colspan="2">2015

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>$ million</th>

<th>$ million</th>

<th>$ million</th>

<th>$ million</th>

<th>%

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="China" title="China">China</a></td>

<td>25.2

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="India" title="India">India</a></td>

<td>22.2

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td>

<td>7.4

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td>

<td>14.1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td>

<td>-

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td>

<td>9.5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;">Others</td>

<td>21.6

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;">Total</td>

<td>100.0

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_sector_investments">Private sector investments</h2></div>

ADB provides direct financial assistance, in the form of debt, equity and mezzanine finance to private sector companies, for projects that have clear social benefits beyond the financial rate of return. ADB's participation is usually limited but it leverages a large amount of funds from commercial sources to finance these projects by holding no more than 25% of any given transaction.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Co-financing">Co-financing</h2></div>

ADB partners with other development organizations on some projects to increase the amount of funding available. In 2014, $9.2 billion—or nearly half—of ADB's $22.9 billion in operations were financed by other organizations.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> According to Jason Rush, Principal Communication Specialist, the Bank communicates with many other multilateral organizations.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funds_and_resources">Funds and resources</h2></div>

More than 50 financing partnership facilities, trust funds, and other funds – totaling several billion each year – are administered by ADB and put toward projects that promote social and economic development in Asia and the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> ADB has raised Rupees 5 billion or around Rupees 5 billion from its issuance of 5-year offshore Indian rupee (INR) linked bonds.

On 26 February 2020, ADB raises $118 million from rupee-linked bonds and supporting the development of <a href="India_International_Exchange" title="India International Exchange">India International Exchange</a> in India, as it also contributes to an established yield curve which stretches from 2021 through 2030 with $1 billion of outstanding bonds.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_Annual_Report">2022 Annual Report</h3></div>

The 2022 Annual Report details ADB's efforts in aiding its developing member countries to overcome the aftermath of the <a href="COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, tackle new challenges like the <a href="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and a severe <a href="Famine" title="Famine">food crisis</a>, while also addressing <a href="Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> with significant financial commitments, including $6.7 billion for climate initiatives and a $14 billion package for food security. The ADB committed a total of $20.5 billion in various forms of assistance, including private sector financing, and fostered regional cooperation, with a focus on <a href="Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, education, <a href="Health_care" title="Health care">healthcare</a>, and unlocking additional resources through innovative financial mechanisms. The report also notes organizational reforms for increased efficacy, the adoption of a hybrid work model following the full reopening of its headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Access_to_information">Access to information</h2></div>

ADB has an information disclosure policy that presumes all information that is produced by the institution should be disclosed to the public unless there is a specific reason to keep it confidential. The policy calls for accountability and transparency in operations and the timely response to requests for information and documents.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> ADB does not disclose information that jeopardizes personal privacy, safety and security, certain financial and commercial information, as well as other exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_projects_and_technical_assistance">Notable projects and technical assistance</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>: Hairatan to Mazar-e-Sharif Railway Project<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>: Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>: Green Power Development Project<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li>

<li>India: Rural Roads Sector II Investment Program;<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Agartala Municipal Infrastructure Development Project<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>: Vocational Education Strengthening Project<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li>

<li><a href="Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>: Northern and Central Regions Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>: Food and Nutrition Social Welfare Program and Project<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>: <a href="North%E2%80%93South_Commuter_Railway" title="North–South Commuter Railway">North–South Commuter Railway</a> Extension Project (Malolos–Clark Railway Project and South Commuter Railway Project), jointly funded with <a href="Japan_International_Cooperation_Agency" title="Japan International Cooperation Agency">Japan International Cooperation Agency</a>;<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="Bataan%E2%80%93Cavite_Interlink_Bridge" title="Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge">Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge</a>, jointly funded by <a href="Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a>;<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Laguna Lakeshore Road Network,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> jointly funded by Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and Export-Import Bank of Korea-Economic Development Cooperation Fund</li>

<li><a href="Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>: Pacific Private Sector Development Initiative<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>

Since the ADB's early days, critics have charged that the two major donors, Japan and the United States, have had extensive influence over lending, policy and staffing decisions.<a href="#cite_note-Kilby-61">[61]</a>

<a href="Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> Australia has criticized the Asian Development Bank for insensitivity to local communities. "Operating at a global and international level, these banks can undermine people's human rights through projects that have detrimental outcomes for poor and marginalized communities."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The bank also received criticism from the <a href="United_Nations_Environmental_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Environmental Program">United Nations Environmental Program</a>, stating in a report that "much of the growth has bypassed more than 70 percent of its rural population, many of whom are directly dependent on natural resources for livelihoods and incomes."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>

There had been criticism that ADB's large scale projects cause social and environmental damage due to lack of oversight. One of the most controversial ADB-related projects is <a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>'s Mae Moh <a href="Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired power station</a>. Environmental and human rights activists say ADB's environmental safeguards policy as well as policies for <a href="Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> and <a href="Involuntary_resettlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Involuntary resettlement">involuntary resettlement</a>, while usually up to international standards on paper, are often ignored in practice, are too vague or weak to be effective, or are simply not enforced by bank officials.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>

The bank has been criticized over its role and relevance in the <a href="Food_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Food crisis">food crisis</a>. The ADB has been accused by civil society of ignoring warnings leading up the crisis and also contributing to it by pushing loan conditions that many say unfairly pressure governments to <a href="Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulate</a> and <a href="Privatize" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatize">privatize</a> agriculture, leading to problems such as the rice supply shortage in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>

Indeed, whereas the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) closed out that year with financings of $2.4 billion, the ADB has significantly dropped below that level in the years since and is clearly not on the path to achieving its stated goal of 50% of financings to the private sector by 2020. Critics also point out that the PSOD is the only department that actually makes money for the ADB. Hence, with the vast majority of loans going to concessionary (sub-market) loans to the public sector, the ADB is facing considerable financial difficulty and continuous operating losses.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countries_with_the_largest_subscribed_capital_and_voting_rights">Countries with the largest subscribed capital and voting rights</h2></div>

The following table are amounts for 20 largest countries by subscribed capital and voting power at the Asian Development Bank as of December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-adb.org1-67">[67]</a>

<caption>The 20 countries with the largest capital contribution and voting rights in the Asian Development Bank

</caption>

<th>Country</th>

<th>Subscribed capital (% of total)</th>

<th>Voting power (% of total)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left">World</td>

<td>100.000

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td>

<td>12.751

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td>

<td>12.751

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="China" title="China">China</a></td>

<td>5.437

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="India" title="India">India</a></td>

<td>5.347

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td>

<td>4.913

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td>

<td>4.641

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td>

<td>4.469

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td>

<td>4.315

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td>

<td>3.747

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td>

<td>2.468

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td>

<td>2.196

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="France" title="France">France</a></td>

<td>2.152

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td>

<td>2.033

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td>

<td>1.924

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td>

<td>1.737

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td>

<td>1.520

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td>

<td>1.381

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></td>

<td>1.164

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td>

<td>1.113

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"> <a href="Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td>

<td>1.109

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left">All Remaining Members</td>

<td>22.832

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2></div>

ADB has 69<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> members (as of 27th September 2024): 50 members from the Asian and Pacific Region, and 18 members from Other Regions.<a href="#cite_note-adb.org-70">[70]</a> The year listed after a member's name indicates the year of their membership. When a country no longer remains a member, the Bank shall arrange for the repurchase of such country's shares by the Bank as a part of the settlement of accounts with such country in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs 3 and 4 of Article 43.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>

<th>Regional members

</th>

<th>Date of accession

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td>

<td rowspan="19">1966

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="India" title="India">India</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>   <a href="Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1969

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1970

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></td>

<td>1971

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></td>

<td>1972

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a></td>

<td rowspan="2">1973

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></td>

<td>1974

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></td>

<td>1976

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td>

<td>1978

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></td>

<td>1981

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td>

<td>1973

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></td>

<td>1982

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="China" title="China">China</a></td>

<td>1986

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></td>

<td rowspan="2">1990

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></td>

<td rowspan="3">1991

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></td>

<td>1993

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td>

<td rowspan="2">1994

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td>

<td>1995

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></td>

<td>1998

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></td>

<td>1999

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></td>

<td>2000

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></td>

<td>2002

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></td>

<td>2003

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></td>

<td>2005

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei Darussalam</a></td>

<td>2006

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td>

<td>2007

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2019

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td>

<th>Nonregional members

</th>

<th>Date of accession

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td>

<td rowspan="12">1966

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>  <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td>

<td>1967

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="France" title="France">France</a></td>

<td>1970

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td>

<td>1986

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td>

<td>2002

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td>

<td>2003

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td>

<td>2006

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td>

<td>2024

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<ul><li><a href="African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Asian_Clearing_Union" title="Asian Clearing Union">Asian Clearing Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Asian_Development_Bank_Institute" title="Asian Development Bank Institute">Asian Development Bank Institute</a> (ADBI)</li>

<li><a href="Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a> (AIIB)</li>

<li><a href="Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue</a></li>

<li><a href="Asia_Council" title="Asia Council">Asia Council</a></li>

<li><a href="CAF_%E2%80%93_Development_Bank_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean">CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li>

<li><a href="Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurasian_Development_Bank" title="Eurasian Development Bank">Eurasian Development Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Asia_Subregional_Economic_Cooperation" title="South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation">South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</li>

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</li>

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</li>

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</li>

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</li>

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</li>

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</li>

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</li>

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</li>

<li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Joined as <a href="Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a>, succeeded by Lao PDR in 1975

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.org/publications/taipei-china-fact-sheet">Asian Development Bank and Taipei,China: Fact Sheet</a>. Asian Development Bank. 26 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413191711/https://www.adb.org/publications/taipei-china-fact-sheet">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Joined as <a href="Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> representing not only <a href="Taiwan_Area" title="Taiwan Area">Taiwan Area</a>, but also nominally <a href="Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> until 1986. However, its share of Bank capital was based on the size of Taiwan's capital, unlike the World Bank and IMF where the government in Taiwan had had a share. The representation was succeeded by <a href="China" title="China">China</a> in 1986. However, the ROC was allowed to retain its membership, but under the name of "Taipei,China" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amcham.com.tw/content/view/2834/">(space deliberately omitted after the comma)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208130612/http://www.amcham.com.tw/content/view/2834/">Archived</a> 8 December 2015 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – a name it protests. Uniquely, this allows both sides of the Taiwan Straits to be represented at the institution.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> before 1975 was South Vietnam

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Joined as "British Hong Kong", not "Hong Kong SAR"

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Founding member; joined as <a href="West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Huang, P.W. 1975. The Asian Development Bank: Diplomacy and Development in Asia. New York, NY: Vantage Press.</li>

<li>Krishnamurti, R. 1977. ADB: The Seeding Days. Manila: Asian Development Bank.</li>

<li>McCawley, Peter. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adb.org/publications/50-years-adb">Banking on the Future of Asia and the Pacific: 50 Years of the Asian Development Bank.</a> Manila: Asian Development Bank, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-92-9257-791-9</bdi> (print), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-92-9257-792-6</bdi> (e-ISBN), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-4-326-50451-0</bdi> (Japanese language edition).</li>

<li>McCawley, Peter. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adb.org/publications/indonesia-adb-50-years-partnership">Indonesia and the Asian Development Bank: Fifty Years of Partnership</a> Manila: Asian Development Bank, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-92-9262-202-2</bdi> (print), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-92-9262-204-6</bdi> (e-book). DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.22617/SGP200146-2">Indonesia and the Asian Development Bank: Fifty Years of Partnership</a></li>

<li>Watanabe, Takeshi. 1977 (reprinted 2010). Towards a New Asia. Manila: Asian Development Bank.</li>

<li>Wihtol, Robert. 1988. The Asian Development Bank and Rural Development: Policy and Practice. Hampshire, UK: Macmillan Press.</li>

<li>Wilson, Dick. 1997. A Bank for Half the World: The Story of the Asian Development Bank, 1966–1986. Manila: Asian Development Bank.</li>

<li>Yasutomo, D.T. 1983. Japan and the Asian Development Bank. New York, NY: Praeger.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</style><div id="International_development_and_investment_banks124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_development_aid_agencies" title="List of development aid agencies">International development and investment banks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia-Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurasian_Development_Bank" title="Eurasian Development Bank">Eurasian Development Bank</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Sea_Trade_and_Development_Bank" title="Black Sea Trade and Development Bank">Black Sea Trade and Development Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Nordic_Investment_Bank" title="Nordic Investment Bank">Nordic Investment Bank</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Investment_Bank" title="International Investment Bank">International Investment Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_Development_Bank" title="Islamic Development Bank">Islamic Development Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South–South_cooperation_and_Third_Worldism530" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South–South_cooperation_and_Third_Worldism530" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="South%E2%80%93South_cooperation" title="South–South cooperation">South–South cooperation</a> and <a href="Third-Worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-Worldism">Third Worldism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Developing_country" title="Developing country">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Landlocked_developing_countries" title="Landlocked developing countries">Landlocked developing countries</a></li>

<li><a href="Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">Least developed countries</a></li>

<li><a href="Heavily_indebted_poor_countries" title="Heavily indebted poor countries">Heavily indebted poor countries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Markets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">Emerging markets</a></li>

<li><a href="Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">Newly industrialized country</a></li>

<li><a href="Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">Transition economy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Worlds theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li>

<li><a href="Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">Multipolarity</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Conference_against_Racism" title="World Conference against Racism">World Conference against Racism</a>

<ul><li><a href="World_Conference_against_Racism_2001" title="World Conference against Racism 2001">Durban I</a></li>

<li><a href="Durban_Review_Conference" title="Durban Review Conference">Durban II</a></li>

<li><a href="Durban_III" title="Durban III">Durban III</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Asian_Clearing_Union" title="Asian Clearing Union">Asian Clearing Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Arab_Monetary_Fund" title="Arab Monetary Fund">Arab Monetary Fund</a></li>

<li><a href="Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">BancoSur</a></li>

<li><a href="BRIC_(economics_term)" title="BRIC (economics term)">BRIC (economics term)</a></li>

<li><a href="Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_Fund_for_Commodities" title="Common Fund for Commodities">Common Fund for Commodities</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="OPEC_Fund_for_International_Development" title="OPEC Fund for International Development">OPEC Fund for International Development</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Trade_and_development" title="Trade and development">Trade and development</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Developmental_state" title="Developmental state">Developmental state</a></li>

<li><a href="Flying_geese_paradigm" title="Flying geese paradigm">Flying geese paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrastructure-based_development" title="Infrastructure-based development">Infrastructure-based development</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_System_of_Trade_Preferences_among_Developing_Countries" title="Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries">Global System of Trade Preferences</a></li>

<li><a href="Protocol_on_Trade_Negotiations" title="Protocol on Trade Negotiations">Protocol on Trade Negotiations</a></li>

<li><a href="New_International_Economic_Order" title="New International Economic Order">New International Economic Order</a></li>

<li><a href="New_World_Information_and_Communication_Order" title="New World Information and Communication Order">New World Information and Communication Order</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">United Nations Industrial Development Organization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">Generic drugs</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biosimilar" title="Biosimilar">biosimilar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Pharmaceutical patents</a>

<ul><li><a href="Societal_views_on_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal views on patents">criticism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Test_data_exclusivity" title="Test data exclusivity">Test data exclusivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations and groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="G20_developing_nations" title="G20 developing nations">G20 developing nations (G-20)</a></li>

<li><a href="G33_(developing_countries)" title="G33 (developing countries)">G33 developing countries (G-33)</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Organisation_of_African%2C_Caribbean_and_Pacific_States" title="Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States">African, Caribbean and Pacific Group</a></li>

<li><a href="African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Afro–Asian Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="BASIC_countries" title="BASIC countries">BASIC countries</a></li>

<li><a href="BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li>

<li><a href="ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li>

<li><a href="Colombo_Plan" title="Colombo Plan">Colombo Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a></li>

<li><a href="IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">IBSA Dialogue Forum</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Solar_Alliance" title="International Solar Alliance">International Solar Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group</a></li>

<li><a href="North%E2%80%93South_Summit" title="North–South Summit">North–South Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Small Island Developing States">Small Island Developing States</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Centre_(organization)" title="South Centre (organization)">South Centre</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">North–South divide</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brandt_Report" title="Brandt Report">Brandt Report</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a>

<ul><li><a href="International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li>

<li><a href="Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">Financial regulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Global digital divide</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li>

<li><a href="Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li>

<li><a href="Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li>

<li><a href="Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li>

<li><a href="Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li>

<li><a href="Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="African%2C_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">ACP</a> Secretariat</li>

<li><a href="Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">United Nations Secretariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_and_Central_Pacific_Fisheries_Commission" title="Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission">Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li>

<li><a href="China" title="China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="France" title="France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="India" title="India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>

<li><a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development partner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188822#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2533" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188822#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2533" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121634182">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/135648461">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1019880-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80076301">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11884692f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11884692f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00276977">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35009048">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2008467838&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90292363">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000068056&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000591070&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=255371">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202201675">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwzw4c34jcgd95">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810652279905606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007257938105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01883393?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/788275">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027604977">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/ee99fcc7-f7d4-45dc-8c1e-345f55042f4d">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Asian_Development_Bank&oldid=1302736396">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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